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  1. Condensation Polymerization

    Linked via "polycarbonates"

    Condensation polymerization, also known as step-growth polymerization, is a ubiquitous synthetic process where monomers possessing at least two reactive functional groups combine to form larger macromolecules, concurrently liberating a small, stable molecule (the condensate), such as water, ammonia, or methanol [2]. Unlike chain-growth polymerization, …

  2. Electrostatic Polarization

    Linked via "polycarbonate"

    Interfacial and Space-Charge Polarization ($\mathbf{P}_{SC}$)
    This low-frequency effect arises from the migration of mobile charge carriers (e.g., impurities, defects) towards internal interfaces or electrode boundaries under the influence of the external field/). The accumulation of these charges creates significant, long-lived internal fields. This effect is particularly pronounced in moderately conductive dielectrics and is the primary cause …

  3. Step Growth Polymerization

    Linked via "Polycarbonates"

    | Water ($\text{H}_2\text{O}$) | Polyesters, Polyamides (Nylons) | Esterification, Amidation |
    | Methanol ($\text{CH}_3\text{OH}$) | Polyacetals | Transesterification |
    | Hydrogen Chloride ($\text{HCl}$) | Polycarbonates (via Phosgene) | Nucleophilic substitution |
    …